Generalized effective stress concept for saturated active clays

Experimental evidence shows that changes in pore-water chemistry can significantly affect the mechanical behavior of saturated active clays. Despite this evidence, how chemical composition pore water be considered effective stress definition is questionable. This paper develops concept generalized for To end, physicochemical studies on water–clay mineral interactions are used to clearly define different types ions and present an clay. In particular, presence both movable non-movable within liquid highlighted. Taking into account, thermodynamic geochemistry principles applied representative elementary volume scale determining pressure redefine accordingly. The theoretical development results dependence through solute suction variable. Equations determination variable developed. implications use proposed investigated using experimental taken from literature. show advantages interpretation shear strength volumetric data, all support explanation underlying concept.